Chemical and radiological sample results

MS0610019 , Pisgah Water Association

38 of the 74 analytes this system has been tested for have been detected at least once, across 312 samples on record.

The other 36 were tested for and never found. An analyte is counted here if any result on record measured it, so this covers the whole history and not the samples listed below.

Across all 312 samples on record, detections range from October 27, 2003 to July 29, 2026. These figures cover the whole record.

What counts as a non-detect is defined in the help: Less than Indicator. This system’s violations.

What has been detected, ever

Every analyte measured above its reporting level at any point in this system’s record, most often detected first. This is not limited to the samples listed below.

Every analyte ever detected for Pisgah Water Association, with how many results found it and when it was first and last detected. Covers the whole record, not only the samples listed below.
Analyte	Kind	Detected in	First detected	Last detected
Copper, Free 1022	Inorganic Chemical	60 of 60 results	Aug 17, 2007	Aug 10, 2023
Lead 1030	Inorganic Chemical	52 of 60 results	Aug 17, 2007	Aug 10, 2023
Total Haloacetic Acids (Haa5) 2456	Organic Chemical	35 of 35 results	Sep 27, 2004	May 19, 2025
TTHM 2950	Organic Chemical	35 of 35 results	Sep 27, 2004	May 19, 2025
Chloroform 2941	Organic Chemical	29 of 29 results	Dec 13, 2007	May 19, 2025
Bromodichloromethane 2943	Organic Chemical	28 of 29 results	Dec 13, 2007	May 19, 2025
Dichloroacetic Acid 2451	Organic Chemical	27 of 27 results	Jul 8, 2008	May 19, 2025
Trichloroacetic Acid 2452	Organic Chemical	27 of 27 results	Jul 8, 2008	May 19, 2025
Fluoride 1025	Inorganic Chemical	24 of 24 results	Oct 27, 2003	Jul 29, 2026
Barium 1010	Inorganic Chemical	22 of 22 results	Oct 27, 2003	Jul 29, 2026
Chromium 1020	Inorganic Chemical	14 of 22 results	Oct 27, 2003	Apr 10, 2025
Sodium 1052	Inorganic Chemical	8 of 8 results	May 21, 2009	Jul 29, 2026
Xylenes, Total 2955	Organic Chemical	8 of 70 results	Mar 1, 2004	Jun 7, 2012
Dibromochloromethane 2944	Organic Chemical	6 of 29 results	Aug 13, 2009	May 19, 2025
Monochloroacetic Acid 2450	Organic Chemical	6 of 27 results	Aug 13, 2009	Sep 10, 2024
Sulfate 1055	Inorganic Chemical	6 of 6 results	Oct 27, 2003	May 28, 2021
Gross Alpha, Incl. Radon & U 4002	Radionuclide	5 of 12 results	Mar 23, 2012	Oct 12, 2012
Calcium 1016	Inorganic Chemical	4 of 4 results	May 21, 2009	May 28, 2021
Color 1905	Water Quality	4 of 4 results	May 21, 2009	May 28, 2021
Alkalinity, Total 1927	Water Quality	4 of 4 results	May 21, 2009	May 28, 2021
Nickel 1036	Inorganic Chemical	3 of 18 results	May 15, 2013	Apr 10, 2025
Chloride 1017	Inorganic Chemical	3 of 4 results	Jun 1, 2010	May 28, 2021
Conductivity @ 25 C Umhos/CM 1064	Water Quality	2 of 2 results	May 28, 2021	May 28, 2021
Monobromoacetic Acid 2453	Organic Chemical	2 of 27 results	Jul 12, 2012	Nov 28, 2017
Manganese 1032	Inorganic Chemical	2 of 2 results	May 21, 2009	Jun 1, 2010
Potassium 1042	Inorganic Chemical	2 of 2 results	May 21, 2009	Jun 1, 2010
Residue, Total, Filterable 1057	Water Quality	2 of 2 results	May 21, 2009	Jun 1, 2010
Alkalinity, Caco3 Stability 1067	Water Quality	2 of 2 results	May 21, 2009	Jun 1, 2010
Carbon Dioxide 1901	Water Quality	2 of 2 results	May 21, 2009	Jun 1, 2010
Hardness, Total (As Caco3) 1915	Water Quality	2 of 2 results	May 21, 2009	Jun 1, 2010
Iron, Field Result FEFD	Inorganic Chemical	2 of 2 results	May 21, 2009	Jun 1, 2010
Calculated Sodium NACA	Water Quality	2 of 2 results	May 21, 2009	Jun 1, 2010
PH, Field Result PHFD	Water Quality	2 of 2 results	May 21, 2009	Jun 1, 2010
Combined Radium (-226 & -228) 4010	Radionuclide	1 of 12 results	Dec 16, 2014	Dec 16, 2014
Radium-226 4020	Radionuclide	1 of 12 results	Dec 16, 2014	Dec 16, 2014
Vinyl Chloride 2976	Organic Chemical	1 of 70 results	Aug 23, 2011	Aug 23, 2011
PH 1925	Water Quality	1 of 1 result	May 21, 2009	May 21, 2009
Toluene 2991	Organic Chemical	1 of 70 results	Mar 1, 2004	Mar 1, 2004

No date range is applied: this list draws on every sample on record. Show the last two years only.

The most recent samples, result by result

The table below lists 51–60 of 312 samples, newest first — collected February 4, 2021 to October 21, 2021. The summary above covers all 312.

48 results from the 10 samples listed here: 19 detected, 29 not detected. Across the whole record it is 437 of 2,422. A sample is analysed for many analytes at once, so one sample appears on as many rows as it had results.

We withheld the location of 2 sampling points below. The location on record identifies a private home, and we do not publish those. That is our decision, not the agency’s. The sampling point, its type and every result taken there are published unchanged.

Chemical and radiological sample results for Pisgah Water Association, every result from 51 to 60 of 312 samples shown, newest first. Not detected means the amount was below the level the laboratory can reliably report, which is given beside it.
Result	Analyte	Monitoring period
Collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25 Sampling point TF103 Treatment Plant T103 Sample type Routine Lab sample VO-211022-001 Laboratory MSDH Lab
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 2378 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	Cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 2380 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	Xylenes, Total 2955 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	Dichloromethane 2964 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	O-Dichlorobenzene 2968 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	P-Dichlorobenzene 2969 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	Vinyl Chloride 2976 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	1,1-Dichloroethylene 2977 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 2979 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	1,2-Dichloroethane 2980 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	1,1,1-Trichloroethane 2981 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	Carbon Tetrachloride 2982 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	1,2-Dichloropropane 2983 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	Trichloroethylene 2984 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	1,1,2-Trichloroethane 2985 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	Tetrachloroethylene 2987 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	Chlorobenzene 2989 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	Benzene 2990 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	Toluene 2991 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	Ethylbenzene 2992 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 21, 2021 13:25, sampling point TF103	Styrene 2996 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Collected Oct 14, 2021 12:15 Sampling point TF103 Treatment Plant T103 Sample type Routine Lab sample RU-211015-007 Laboratory MSDH Lab
Not detected below 0.0005 mg/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Oct 14, 2021 12:15, sampling point TF103	Combined Uranium 4006 EPA method 200.8	Jan 1, 2013 – Dec 31, 2021
Collected Jun 24, 2021 08:30 Sampling point TF103 Treatment Plant T103 Sample type Routine Lab sample RU-210625-011 Laboratory MSDH Lab
Not detected below 0.0005 mg/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Jun 24, 2021 08:30, sampling point TF103	Combined Uranium 4006 EPA method 200.8	Jan 1, 2013 – Dec 31, 2021
Collected May 28, 2021 10:22 Sampling point WL004 Well W004 Sample type Routine Lab sample 7PC-210601-006 Laboratory MSDH Lab
0.212 mg/l , sample collected May 28, 2021 10:22, sampling point WL004	Calcium 1016 EPA method 200.7	Not recorded
1.94 mg/l , sample collected May 28, 2021 10:22, sampling point WL004	Chloride 1017 EPA method 300.0	Not recorded
0.105 mg/l , sample collected May 28, 2021 10:22, sampling point WL004	Fluoride 1025 EPA method 300.0	Not recorded
115 mg/l , sample collected May 28, 2021 10:22, sampling point WL004	Sodium 1052 EPA method 200.7	Not recorded
3.89 mg/l , sample collected May 28, 2021 10:22, sampling point WL004	Sulfate 1055 EPA method 300.0	Not recorded
423 umho/cm , sample collected May 28, 2021 10:22, sampling point WL004	Conductivity @ 25 C Umhos/CM 1064 EPA method 2510B	Not recorded
25 cu , sample collected May 28, 2021 10:22, sampling point WL004	Color 1905 EPA method 2120B	Not recorded
224 mg/l , sample collected May 28, 2021 10:22, sampling point WL004	Alkalinity, Total 1927 EPA method 2320B	Not recorded
Collected May 28, 2021 10:09 Sampling point WL003 Well W003 Sample type Routine Lab sample 7PC-210601-005 Laboratory MSDH Lab
0.143 mg/l , sample collected May 28, 2021 10:09, sampling point WL003	Calcium 1016 EPA method 200.7	Not recorded
2.13 mg/l , sample collected May 28, 2021 10:09, sampling point WL003	Chloride 1017 EPA method 300.0	Not recorded
0.0778 mg/l , sample collected May 28, 2021 10:09, sampling point WL003	Fluoride 1025 EPA method 300.0	Not recorded
112 mg/l , sample collected May 28, 2021 10:09, sampling point WL003	Sodium 1052 EPA method 200.7	Not recorded
5.08 mg/l , sample collected May 28, 2021 10:09, sampling point WL003	Sulfate 1055 EPA method 300.0	Not recorded
439 umho/cm , sample collected May 28, 2021 10:09, sampling point WL003	Conductivity @ 25 C Umhos/CM 1064 EPA method 2510B	Not recorded
30 cu , sample collected May 28, 2021 10:09, sampling point WL003	Color 1905 EPA method 2120B	Not recorded
232 mg/l , sample collected May 28, 2021 10:09, sampling point WL003	Alkalinity, Total 1927 EPA method 2320B	Not recorded
Collected Mar 22, 2021 16:15 Sampling point TF104 Treatment Facility TF104 Sample type Routine Lab sample NI-210323-050 Laboratory MSDH Lab
Not detected below 0.1 mg/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Mar 22, 2021 16:15, sampling point TF104	Nitrate-Nitrite 1038 EPA method QC10107041C	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.08 mg/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Mar 22, 2021 16:15, sampling point TF104	Nitrate 1040 EPA method QC10107041C	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.02 mg/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Mar 22, 2021 16:15, sampling point TF104	Nitrite 1041 EPA method QC10107041C	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Collected Mar 22, 2021 16:45 Sampling point TF103 Treatment Plant T103 Sample type Routine Lab sample NI-210323-049 Laboratory MSDH Lab
Not detected below 0.1 mg/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Mar 22, 2021 16:45, sampling point TF103	Nitrate-Nitrite 1038 EPA method QC10107041C	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.08 mg/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Mar 22, 2021 16:45, sampling point TF103	Nitrate 1040 EPA method QC10107041C	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Not detected below 0.02 mg/l Minimum Reporting Level , sample collected Mar 22, 2021 16:45, sampling point TF103	Nitrite 1041 EPA method QC10107041C	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Collected Feb 4, 2021 07:30 Sampling point SMH Location withheld Sample type Routine Lab sample TH-210205-001 Laboratory MSDH Lab
31.4 ug/l , sample collected Feb 4, 2021 07:30, sampling point SMH	TTHM 2950 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Collected Feb 4, 2021 08:15 Sampling point SMT Location withheld Sample type Routine Lab sample TH-210205-002 Laboratory MSDH Lab
42.3 ug/l , sample collected Feb 4, 2021 08:15, sampling point SMT	TTHM 2950 EPA method 524.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
Collected Feb 4, 2021 08:15 Sampling point SMT Location withheld Sample type Routine Lab sample HA-210205-002 Laboratory MSDH Lab
47.4 ug/l , sample collected Feb 4, 2021 08:15, sampling point SMT	Total Haloacetic Acids (Haa5) 2456 EPA method 552.2	Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021

Collected
Oct 21, 2021 13:25

Sampling point
TF103 Treatment Plant T103

Sample type
Routine

Lab sample
VO-211022-001

Laboratory
MSDH Lab

Monitoring period
Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
- 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 2378 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- Cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 2380 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- Xylenes, Total 2955 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- Dichloromethane 2964 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- O-Dichlorobenzene 2968 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- P-Dichlorobenzene 2969 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- Vinyl Chloride 2976 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- 1,1-Dichloroethylene 2977 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 2979 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- 1,2-Dichloroethane 2980 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 2981 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- Carbon Tetrachloride 2982 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- 1,2-Dichloropropane 2983 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- Trichloroethylene 2984 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 2985 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- Tetrachloroethylene 2987 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- Chlorobenzene 2989 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- Benzene 2990 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- Toluene 2991 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- Ethylbenzene 2992 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
- Styrene 2996 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.5 ug/l Minimum Reporting Level
Collected
Oct 14, 2021 12:15

Sampling point
TF103 Treatment Plant T103

Sample type
Routine

Lab sample
RU-211015-007

Laboratory
MSDH Lab

Monitoring period
Jan 1, 2013 – Dec 31, 2021
- Combined Uranium 4006 EPA method 200.8
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.0005 mg/l Minimum Reporting Level
Collected
Jun 24, 2021 08:30

Sampling point
TF103 Treatment Plant T103

Sample type
Routine

Lab sample
RU-210625-011

Laboratory
MSDH Lab

Monitoring period
Jan 1, 2013 – Dec 31, 2021
- Combined Uranium 4006 EPA method 200.8
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.0005 mg/l Minimum Reporting Level
Collected
May 28, 2021 10:22

Sampling point
WL004 Well W004

Sample type
Routine

Lab sample
7PC-210601-006

Laboratory
MSDH Lab

Monitoring period
Not recorded
- Calcium 1016 EPA method 200.7
  
  Result
  0.212 mg/l
- Chloride 1017 EPA method 300.0
  
  Result
  1.94 mg/l
- Fluoride 1025 EPA method 300.0
  
  Result
  0.105 mg/l
- Sodium 1052 EPA method 200.7
  
  Result
  115 mg/l
- Sulfate 1055 EPA method 300.0
  
  Result
  3.89 mg/l
- Conductivity @ 25 C Umhos/CM 1064 EPA method 2510B
  
  Result
  423 umho/cm
- Color 1905 EPA method 2120B
  
  Result
  25 cu
- Alkalinity, Total 1927 EPA method 2320B
  
  Result
  224 mg/l
Collected
May 28, 2021 10:09

Sampling point
WL003 Well W003

Sample type
Routine

Lab sample
7PC-210601-005

Laboratory
MSDH Lab

Monitoring period
Not recorded
- Calcium 1016 EPA method 200.7
  
  Result
  0.143 mg/l
- Chloride 1017 EPA method 300.0
  
  Result
  2.13 mg/l
- Fluoride 1025 EPA method 300.0
  
  Result
  0.0778 mg/l
- Sodium 1052 EPA method 200.7
  
  Result
  112 mg/l
- Sulfate 1055 EPA method 300.0
  
  Result
  5.08 mg/l
- Conductivity @ 25 C Umhos/CM 1064 EPA method 2510B
  
  Result
  439 umho/cm
- Color 1905 EPA method 2120B
  
  Result
  30 cu
- Alkalinity, Total 1927 EPA method 2320B
  
  Result
  232 mg/l
Collected
Mar 22, 2021 16:15

Sampling point
TF104 Treatment Facility TF104

Sample type
Routine

Lab sample
NI-210323-050

Laboratory
MSDH Lab

Monitoring period
Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
- Nitrate-Nitrite 1038 EPA method QC10107041C
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.1 mg/l Minimum Reporting Level
- Nitrate 1040 EPA method QC10107041C
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.08 mg/l Minimum Reporting Level
- Nitrite 1041 EPA method QC10107041C
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.02 mg/l Minimum Reporting Level
Collected
Mar 22, 2021 16:45

Sampling point
TF103 Treatment Plant T103

Sample type
Routine

Lab sample
NI-210323-049

Laboratory
MSDH Lab

Monitoring period
Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
- Nitrate-Nitrite 1038 EPA method QC10107041C
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.1 mg/l Minimum Reporting Level
- Nitrate 1040 EPA method QC10107041C
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.08 mg/l Minimum Reporting Level
- Nitrite 1041 EPA method QC10107041C
  
  Result
  Not detected below 0.02 mg/l Minimum Reporting Level
Collected
Feb 4, 2021 07:30

Sampling point
SMH Location withheld

Sample type
Routine

Lab sample
TH-210205-001

Laboratory
MSDH Lab

Monitoring period
Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
- TTHM 2950 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  31.4 ug/l
Collected
Feb 4, 2021 08:15

Sampling point
SMT Location withheld

Sample type
Routine

Lab sample
TH-210205-002

Laboratory
MSDH Lab

Monitoring period
Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
- TTHM 2950 EPA method 524.2
  
  Result
  42.3 ug/l
Collected
Feb 4, 2021 08:15

Sampling point
SMT Location withheld

Sample type
Routine

Lab sample
HA-210205-002

Laboratory
MSDH Lab

Monitoring period
Jan 1, 2021 – Dec 31, 2021
- Total Haloacetic Acids (Haa5) 2456 EPA method 552.2
  
  Result
  47.4 ug/l

Routine (10).